Xenopus development is a vital resource on the biology and development of these key model organisms, and will be a great tool to researchers using these frogs in various disciplines of biological science. This development of novel research tools has proved critical to further empowering xenopus as a model system and keeping it at the forefront of biomedical research. We suggest using a current version of chrome, firefox, or safari. Recommendations for xenopus researcha a the recommendations for xenopus research developed by the participants of the 2000 nichd xenopus meeting. An injection of pregnancy urine which contains chorionic gonadotropin would induce spawning. Xenopus embryos are large and easily manipulated, and moreover, thousands of embryos can be obtained in a single day. Xbmp4, bmp4, xbmp4, zyme, bmp2b, ofc11, bmp2b1, dvr4, bmp4a. After fertilization the egg undergoes a series of very rapid, and synchronous, cleavage divisions 90. In xenopus, development is normal after removal of the vitelline membrane, implying that the dorsalventral gradient travels through the interior of the embryo. Bmp, is widely involved, often in a concentrationdependent way, in cell fate determination at all stages of vertebrate and invertebrate development and cell differentiation wilson et al.
Bmps were originally discovered by marshall urist in 1965, who found that subcutaneously implanted decalcified bone could induce ectopic cartilage and bone formation. To map the cell populations that receive bmp signals in the. During mouse embryogenesis,bmp11is first detected at 9. Conditional bmp inhibition in xenopus reveals stage. Xenopus, from basic biology to disease models in the genomic era abraham fainsod and sally moody are seeking contributions for a book to be published by taylor and francis crc press.
Tbx2 is required for the suppression of mesendoderm during early xenopus development. By agreement with the publisher, this book is accessible by the search feature, but cannot be browsed. In previous studies, we used a truncated xenopus bmp receptor to inhibit bmp signaling in developing xenopus embryos, and showed that bmp signaling is. Ideally clinicians and basic researchers will use this information to foster collaborations necessary to interrogate the. Xenbase is a model organism database that provides centralized access to this information, including gene function data from highthroughput screens and the scientific literature. Until now, no recently published atlas existed to aid researchers and students coming to the xenopus. A novel bmp expressed in developing mouse limb, spinal. Even though xenopus is one of the two most popular nonmammalian animals used in biomedical research, its value in the lab suffers from a lack of standardization regarding their optimal care, breeding, and housing. Xenopus laevis genome has been only recently sequenced fully.
Blood and endothelial progenitor populations in xenopus embryos. Nature 453, 12051211 2008 metazoan organisms can scale, that is, maintain similar proportions regardlessofsize. During early xenopus development, molecular interactions between the animal and the vegetal hemisphere of the embryo induce mesodermal fate in the. Abstract bone morphogenetic proteins bmps act repeatedly in the development of nervous system tissues. Scaling of the bmp activation gradient in xenopus embryos. Please communicate your interest to them by may 15, 2020 and prepare to submit your contributions by january 2021. The development of the nervous system, neuralization of ectodermal cells, specification of cell types as well as generation of neurological diseases are closely linked to smad proteins, which play a central role by integrating tgf. Bmp4 of xenopus laevis stimulates differentiation of human osteoblastlike cells. In xenopus the cns is induced by signals emanating from the. Manuscripts for books and for journal publication are invited from scientists world wide.
Xenopus embryos for in vivo studies of human disease gene function. Recently, several diverse mechanisms that have been proposed to account for neural induction have been simplified into one. In xenopus, the endoderm is able to induce the formation of mesoderm by causing the. A novel xenopus homologue of bone morphogenetic protein. Xenopus laevis, the south african clawed frog, is a notable exception. While contemporary studies of limb development tend to focus on models developed from the study of chicken and mouse embryos, there are also. A key advantageous feature of xenopus is its external development free of maternal influence that allows easy access to experimental manipulation during all stages of development. Bmp24 and wnt8 cooperatively pattern the xenopus mesoderm. Xenbase, the xenopus model organism database, is a vital resource for all researchers 6163.
The biological effects of endogenous bone morphogenetic protein 4 bmp4, a member of the transforming growth factor beta family, on embryonic development of xenopus laevis. This chapter discusses the biology of neural induction in xenopus laevis. It contains genomic, mrna, proteomic and functional annotations and is directly linked to several databases, such as ncbi or uniprot. In xenopus development, bmp mrna and protein are concentrated in the ventral region of early embryos, where they promote epidermal differentiation. Generation of animal form by the chordintolloidbmp gradient. After fertilisation the egg undergoes a series of very rapid, and synchronous, cleavage divisions 90. Pdf bmp signalling in early xenopus development leslie.
Xenopus frogs have long been used as model organisms in basic and biomedical research. The evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from experiments in explanted animal cap ectoderm and in intact embryos using bmp antagonists that are unregulated and active well before gastrulation. Recent research progress and potential uses of the. Xenopus laevis, the south african clawed frog, is a well. An ontology for xenopus anatomy and development bmc. The classic book on growth and form by naturalist darcy.
Signalling by bmps biases ectoderm toward an epidermal fate. Scaling of bmp gradients in xenopus embryos arising from. The bmp1p was in production by the late 1970s and existing bmp1s were gradually upgraded to the standard during the 1980s. Transient downregulation of bmp signalling induces. Pitx1 regulates cement gland development in xenopus laevis through activation of transcriptional targets and inhibition of bmp signaling. Axis determination by inhibition of wnt signaling in xenopus. Xenopus development is divided into four sections, the first three highlight key processes in xenopus development from embryo to metamophosis.
The frogs xenopus laevis and xenopus silurana tropicalis are model systems that have produced a wealth of genetic, genomic, and developmental information. To provide a better shopping experience, our website uses cookies. Interpretation of bmp signaling in early xenopus development. We notice that you are using internet explorer, which is not supported by xenbase and may cause the site to display incorrectly. Research news opinion research analysis careers books and culture podcasts videos.
Bmp4 of xenopus laevis stimulates differentiation of. In xenopus development, bmp mrna and protein are concentrated in the ventral region of early embryos, where they promote epidermal. In frog and fish embryos, snw1 is a protein required for the spatiotemporal activity of. These examine important topics in molecular biology, genetics, development, virology, neurobiology, immunology and cancer biology. A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish danio rerio. Developmental biology attracts scientists from many different areas of biology, and the amphibian xenopus holds a special place among the organisms studied as a model of vertebrate development. In embryonic explants, inhibition of bmp4 and bmp7 signals caused neural differentiation in ectoderm, and differentiation of dorsal fates in mesoderm. Hocking and sarah mcfarlane university of calgary, hotchkiss brain institute, calgary, canada. Head induction by simultaneous repression of bmp and wnt. Regulation of neural induction by the chd and bmp4 antagonistic. Bone morphogenetic protein bmp inhibition has been proposed as the primary determinant of neural cell fate in the developing xenopus ectoderm. Amphibian axis formation is an example of regulative development.
They are present at a lower or nil concentration in the lateral and dorsal regions that follow cement gland or neural cell fates. The bmp pathway is active during mce development and regeneration. Expression of bmp ligands and receptors in the developing xenopus retina jennifer c. Bmp produced in all regions besides those with high levels of bcatenin.
In the present study, we developed bmp specific antisense morpholino oligomers mo and used them to investigate the individual roles of bmp2, bmp4 and bmp7 in early xenopus development. Digital photographs of xenopus embryos used with permission by barbra lom, work performed by william graham, and ian willoughby. During the first, 90minute cell cycle, cortical cytoplasmic movements and male and female pronuclear fusion occur. Expression of bmp ligands and receptors in the developing. Bmp function in development is well characterized in the skeletal system. Early development in xenopus laevis embryos, from fertilisation to the 4cell stage. These frogs have helped unlock basic developmental and cellular processes that have led to scientific breakthroughs and have had practical application in cancer research and regenerative medicine. In the present study, we developed bmpspecific antisense morpholino oligomers mo and used them to investigate the individual roles of bmp2, bmp4 and bmp7 in early xenopus development. The development of all metazoans involves the sequential specification of restricted cell. After fertilization, xenopus embryos undergo cell cycles that have characteristic features. It resembles the mammalian gene in primary structure and expression pattern much more closely than does a previously described xenopus homologue, originally termed xbmp. These sections focus on the cellular processes, organogenesis and embryo development. Temporary inhibition of bmp signalling either by overexpression of noggin or using a synthetic bmp inhibitor is.
A development program to completely address the shortcomings of the bmp was started at the same time resulting in four prototypes, all of which had twoman turrets. In drosophila, sog forms a gradient that shuttles bmps away from the source of sog in a very defined extracellular region, the perivitelline space 19, 20. Read download atlas of xenopus development pdf pdf. Bmp signaling restricts hematovascular development from lateral. To study a role for wnt ligands in vertebrate axis determination, we interfered with wnt signaling in the embryo using the extracellular domain of xenopus frizzled 8 ecd8, which blocks wntdependent activation of a target gene in xenopus ectodermal. The wnt family of secreted polypeptides participate in a variety of developmental processes in which embryonic polarity is established. It is the key signaling center of the subsequent stages of development, and it acts by secretion of factors that inhibit the actions of bmps. Snw1 is a critical regulator of spatial bmp activity, neural plate. Indeed, xenopus was the first vertebrate animal for which methods were developed to allow rapid analysis of gene function using misexpression by mrna injection. Xenopus laevis tadpoles wild type and n1 line were kept in static tanks at room temperature until the.
Phosphorylation of smad158 psmad158, which indicates bmp activity, was detected in the nuclei of most nonneural ectoderm cells in xenopus, in both the outer and inner ectodermal layers and at all stages analysed, ranging from blastula to tailbud fig. Depletion of bmp2, bmp4, bmp7 and spemann organizer. Bone morphogenetic proteins bmps such as bmp4 and bmp7, which are coexpressed with xwnt8 in the ventral and lateral regions of the xenopus. Our aim here is to analyze how xenopus embryo cells interpret their position in a bmp concentration gradient.
1605 84 1421 1535 1198 124 1216 1557 1483 876 471 925 416 1059 986 1037 1434 944 1664 1174 984 1480 678 429 1475 1390 1505 190 555 338 999 1404 234 313 30 1565 879 1172 737 1409 318 1493 1106 161 1351 1005 447